Why Did Daisy Stay With Tom - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 476 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/03/26 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: The Great Gatsby Essay Did you like this example? Theres always a reason for someone to cheat, for Tom there must have been a wonderful reason for why he cheated of Daisy with Myrtle who was younger then both Tom. Daisy Buchanan was a real beauty, many men, even the Great Gatsby wanted her. She even gave Tom a child. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Why Did Daisy Stay With Tom?" essay for you Create order Tom had it all money, power, and daisy a beautiful young woman. Tom did not love her as much as she thought he did, because he did cheat the big question is why didnt she do with Gatsby he has true love for her and she still stayed with Tom. Daisy did love the money Tom had but gatsby also had money, for Tom to cheat he must have been miserable, because at dinner he answered the call from his mistress and daisy did know about myrtle but did nothing about it. So why do nothing about it, daisy and tom had a family them and their kid. Tom for security, he was ridiculously rich and she wanted a lifestyle of comfort. Now daisy clearly loved Tom and had a lot of great memories from the beginning of their marriage- but after his affair he stopped showing up, he wasnt even there when their daughter was born he was nowhere to be found. But Tom Buchanan had everything any young man living in the roaring twenties could have ever wanted. He graduated from a Yale where he was a star of a football team. His family had always had a lot of money and by the time he moved to East Egg he was so wealthy that Nick found it hard to believe that someone so young can have this much money. For someone to stay happy during a relationship doesnt always need to involve money, daisy has been with him long enough to realize that the money he has should not be the thing keeping her happy. A part of the reason, at least, is because they share a child together. There was at this time, even in Tom and Daisys social set, a strong prejudice against divorced couples; especially couples with children. Daisy, especially, would have risked serious social scorn. Even though Tom kept a mistress, if he were discreet enough the prevailing idea among their friends would be that they should avoid divorce at all costs. Even though Gatsby had a lot of money he didnt get it the legal way cause at the time it was illegal to make or sell liquor, and thats what he did Gatsby sold it at a drugstore. He was a miserable man, he had everything he could have ever wanted the only thing he did not have was the girl that he had dreamed about he had parties upon parties and more than half of the people that had showed up he had never met.

Civil War 9 Essay - 591 Words

Many developments in social life and the constitution amounted to a revolution between 1860 and 1877. Some of the major events that took place during this time period were the secession of the southern states, Civil War, Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth amendment, and reconstruction. In 1860, South Carolina declared their causes of secession. South Carolina was the first state to secede, and their main reason was that their powers were restrained by the federal government. They felt they were not sovereign, and therefore needed to secede. In the 1860’s, the nation continued to struggle to become united. Congress introduced the new banking and currency systems. Senator John Sherman commended this because he was a strong believer in†¦show more content†¦In 1863, Abraham Lincoln finalized the Emancipation Proclamation. The Proclamation was a very important document in that it guaranteed the future freedom of all American slaves. Though the Proclomation was to have an important impact it initially failed and didn’t change the position of a single slave in the south. The south did not consider itself part of the Union and pushed them to fight even harder to protect their so-called â€Å"property†. Though Lincoln knew that this would anger the south even more, he issued it at a time when he believed that the Union was on the verge of winning and that the south would have to give in to a slave-less existance. In 1866, the Fourteenth Amendment was passed, which gave the blacks their freedom. Senator Lot Morrill addresses this amendment as a revolution, because that one amendment alone revolutionized the system based on black servitude. That form of civilization which we once knew is now quot;gone forever.quot; In 1867, Harper’s Weekly portrays a Black citizen casting his first vote. The right to vote was given to blacks in the Fifteenth Amendment. Thomas Nast depicts that the newly emancipated black people are no threat to the whites because they’ve only escaped slavery to come into poverty. In a way, Nast seemsShow MoreRelatedCivil Wars : The Most Common Form Of War1683 Words   |  7 Pages Even though it seems like war and violence are a widespread and common occurrence nowadays due to the media, in reality, we currently live in one of the most peaceful times in history. The prevalence of war is decreasing, especially between different countries. Even though the prevalence of wars is decreasing, civil wars are the most common form of war nowadays and surpasses the other types of war in the world. Over the course of time, civil wars have changed in a variety of ways. 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Anti-Communism in America Free Essays

– Analyse the impact of anti-communism in the USA from the late 1940’s to 1953 and the impact this had on tensions between the superpowers during this time. In the years between 1940 and 1953 the capitalist nations of the world such as USA became very concerned about the communist ideologies and its possible spread in the world. As a result, the ideological war period known as the â€Å"Cold War† was developed. We will write a custom essay sample on Anti-Communism in America or any similar topic only for you Order Now With the end of World War II, the USA emerged with a renewed sense of confidence as they believed that their role in the Allie alliance was a key factor when defeating their enemy powers. It was not long, however, before ironically, this alliance between USA and USSR would be the cause for rising tensions in the world. It can be suggested that the rise of Cold War tensions led to the Anti-communist policy being being developed in the USA which not only impacted its own country but also renewed Cold War tensions. This is evident when examining McCarthyism, the Witch-Hunts and Trials, and the Propaganda campaign. The US historical period known as â€Å"McCarthyism† began long before Joseph McCarthy’s own involvement. There were many factors that contributed to its beginning including; the increased membership in the â€Å"Communist Party of the United States† during the late 1930’s and early 1940’s along with Soviets establishing communist regimes across Central and Eastern Europe. Later USA was concerned with Soviet espionage inside government institutions, and at the same time politicians were slowing down social reforms or criticizing President’s arguing they had been influenced by communism. (R) This practice of making accusations of disloyalty, subversion, or treason without proper regard for evidence was later known as, McCarthyism. Joseph McCarthy’s own involvement began with a speech he made: â€Å"I have here in my hand in my hand a list of 205 – a list of names that were made known to the Secretary of State as being members of the Communist Party and who nevertheless are still working and shaping policy in the State Department. (McCarthy, ). (R) As a result of McCarthyism there were many Anti-communist committees, as well as private agencies, carrying out investigations about possible communists in the USA. Furthermore the federal government, under Harry Truman’s administration with the help of FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover initiated a program of Loyalty Review for Federal Employees, with the aim of determining if government employees were disloyal to the government. (R) Hoover’s extreme sense of communist threat and numerous illegal practices including burglaries, opening mail and illegal wiretaps, resulted in thousands of government workers losing their jobs after unfair accusations or sometimes even without having any process. R) Among these victims was, Robert Oppenheimer, scientific director of the Manhattan Project who built the first atomic bomb. Historian Ellen Schrecker has written; â€Å"in this country, McCarthyism did more damage to the constitution than the American Communist Party ever did†. (R) It was later proved that Soviet espionage did exist in the USA, but besides that fact it can be suggested that the American government could possibly had a grea ter threat of danger in order to react in such an extreme way, which created divisions still present in the USA. The House Committee on Un-American Activities(HUAC) was perhaps the most involved in Anti-communist investigations government committee. Earlier, this committee had investigated a number of activities including German-American Nazis during World War II, and later focused on communism, investigating an espionage case against Alger Hiss, American politician accused of perjury, in 1948. It was not until 1947 that HUAC achieved its greatest fame with the investigations into the Hollywood film industry. These investigations involved screenwriters, directors, and other professionals in testifying about their known, or suspected membership in the Communist Party, within its members, or support of its beliefs. The â€Å"Hollywood Ten†, as it was known, was a group of people formed by the first ten film industry witnesses that decided not to cooperate, and instead cited the First Amendment’s, which guaranteed freedom in speech and beliefs, but failed and were sentenced to prison (R). Later victims had the option of either being informants, and thus, give names of communist sympathizers or going to prison if refused to cooperate (R). On November25 of 1947, Eric Johnston, President of the Motion Picture Association of America published the â€Å"Waldorf Statement†, which announced the firing of the Hollywood Ten, and stated they would not employ any communist or member of a party which advocates to overthrow the government (R). This generated a †Hollywood Blacklist†, through which over 300 actors, authors and directors were denied to work in the film industry. Those actions taken by the government not only placed USA’s famous â€Å"freedom† in question and showed an excessive use of power until the point that citizen’s rights were constantly violated but also created an atmosphere of fear and suspicion, which sometimes resulted in hysteria. These extreme measures led to a great division in the country that is still present these days. Distribution of Anti-communism propaganda was, without a doubt, one of the most successful measures taken by the USA government during this period of time. Kbbnf3@eq. edu. au How to cite Anti-Communism in America, Essay examples

Australian Commercial Law System help sample

Question: Hamid is a refugee from Afghanistan who was recently released from the detention centre in PNG and is currently living in Adelaide. While walking in Rundle Mall one day he was approached by Kathy who was selling internet access contracts for a newly formed internet company Speed Connect Pty Ltd. Hamid speaks very little English and Kathy is aware of this. Kathy explains the terms of the contract which is essentially that Hamid would be bound to a 2 year contract and if he breaks the contract anytime before the 2 years he will incur a $1,200 penalty. The contract comes with a free Samsung tablet. Kathy uses some technical language to explain the terms to Hamid, aware that he doesnt understand the full extend of the contract terms.There is a telephone translation service available but Kathy chooses not to use this as this translation service usually takes twice as long. Kathy works on a commission basis. The more contracts she sells the more she earns. She wants to sign up this contrac t quickly as she is keen to sign up three more contracts before close of business.Hamid has been thinking of getting internet connection as he wishes to Skype his family back home in Afghanistan and also to do a free on-line English course. He is under the impression that he can terminate this contract anytime he wants without any penalty and all he has to do is give Speed Connect one months notice and return the tablet.Three months into the contract Hamid finds that he is unable to cope with the financial demands of this contract as there are many hidden costs which he was unaware. When he contacted Speed Connect to give his termination notice he was shocked to learn that there is a $1500 penalty.Advise Hamid if this contract with Speed Connect is valid? Can he get out of this contract? Answer: Contract Case: The given case is regarding a contract between a released refugee Hamid and an internet company Speed Connect Pty Ltd. The discussion in the case would be elaborated in accordance with the Issue, Rule, Application and Conclusion method. Issue: The issue in the given case is regarding the validity of the contract between Hamid and the internet company Speed Connect Pty Ltd. The case reflects the presence of ambiguity in the terms of the contract. Due to the presence of these ambiguities it is to be analyzed whether the contract is void or voidable or valid. Rule: With regard to the given case firstly the concept of consensus ad idem should be discussed.[1] This concept of consensus ad idem forms a basic foundation of any contractual agreement.[2] According to this concept, for a valid contract it is extremely essential that all parties to the contract should agree to the same thing in the same manner without any discrepancies. This is extremely essential in the point of law for making the contract Dickinson v Dodds(1876) LR 2 Ch D 463, 473.[3] The existence of this concept of consensus ad idem in the Australian commercial law is neither new nor controversial. However, there does exist some complexities in the application of this principle to the facts. It was held in the case of Taylor v Johnson (1983) 151 CLR 422, 428[4] that establish that consensus ad idem in any contract there are two tests, namely the subjective test and the objective test. The High Court also held that there is a clear distinction in the two tests. According to the subjective test the intention of the parties in the contract are to be considered from the perspective of the parties and whether they had a common intention. Unless and until there is a genuine meeting of minds as understood by all parties, no valid contract can be formed.[5]This subjective approach representing the intention of the parties who enter into a legal relation was discussed in the case of The Crown v Clarke.[6] The court had held in this case that intention of the offeree can usually be understood from the external demonstration of the intention. However, later exception was made to the general rule. This case was extremely significant as it depicted an example where the court had accepted the objective approach but made an exception depending in the facts of the case to proceed with the subjective approach.[7]The other approach is the more prevalent approach where the existence and the content of the contract is interpreted in the objective manner. Just ice Gleeson in the case of Australian Broadcasting Corporation v XIVth Commonwealth Games Ltd(1988) 18 NSWLR 540,549[8] stated that the test of objective approach has a enveloping influence in the law of contract.In the case of Equuscorp Pty Ltd v Glengallen Investments Pty Ltd. the High Court held that contractual relationship cannot be ruled by the subjective belief of the parties and what concerns is the words and conduct of the parties that would lead a reasonable man to believe in the party. Further it was stated that the legal rights would be those that are reasonably conveyed to the other party. According to the objective approach the court will recognize the existence of consensus ad idem as the same thing understood in the same manner and not the true meeting of mind. In the case of Smith v Hughes[9], this approach was applied to the facts. Another rule of contract that needs to be mentioned in accordance to the given case is the unconscionable conduct rule in Australia. These conducts include the presence of hidden costs in an agreement of contract. Such a contract is considered to be unenforceable since no reasonable or informed person would have agreed to it. Also with regard to the given case another rule may be mentioned which is given under section 18 of the Australian Consumer Law dealing with misleading or deceptive conduct.[10] Application Referring to the given case of the validity of the contract between Hamid and the internet company Speed Connect Pty Ltd. the above rules and laws of contract may be applied. Firstly, while explaining the terms of the contract Kathy the representative of the internet company knew that Hamid did not understand the terms of the contract but did not make an attempt to explain it to him. So even while signing the contract there was a lack of consensus ad idem between the parties as they did not agree to the same thing in the same manner which is essential to both the tests of the concept of consensus ad idem. Hence in this contract the fundamental part of the contract which is consensus ad idem is missing. Further even when Kathy had the opportunity to clear the ambiguity in the contract she did not do so. This led to mislead Hamid for entering into the contract. Hence section 18 of the Australian Consumer law, due to this reason the contract suffers from deceptive conduct and leads to a breach of contract.Additionally, the presence of hidden costs in the contract implies that contract also suffers from unconscionable conduct.[11] Since some of the costs were hidden the party cannot be considered to be bound by such terms and hence the enforcement of the contract would be unfair for the party that would seek to escape from the contract. Conclusion Keeping in mind all the above criteria the advice to be given to Hamid is that the contract is not valid and unenforceable under the laws. Since the contract itself is invalid the question to pay a penalty of $1500 does not arise. The contract between Hamid and the internet company Speed Connect Pty Ltd is invalid and he can escape from the contract. Bibliography Carter J, 'Good Faith In Contract: Why Australian Law Is Incoherent' SSRN Journal Davis J,Contract(Thomson Lawbook Co 2006) O'Sullivan J, 'Consensus Ad Idem: Essays On The Law Of Contract In Honour Of Guenter Treitel. Edited By F.D. Rose. [London: Sweet Maxwell. 1996. Xl, 301, And (Index) 7Pp. Hardback. 60.00 Net. ISBN 0421577800.]' (1997) 56 The Cambridge Law Journal Richards P,Law Of Contract(Pearson Longman 2007) Turner C and Trone J,Australian Commercial Law(Lawbook Co 2013) Wright T, Ellinghaus M and Kelly D, 'A Draft Australian Law Of Contract' SSRN Journal Broadcasting Corporation v XIVth Commonwealth Games Ltd(1988) 18 NSWLR Crown v Clarke(1927) 40 CLR Dickinson v Dodds(1876) LR 2 Ch D Smith v Hughes(1871) LR 6 QB Taylor v Johnson(1983) 151 CLR [1] Janet O'Sullivan, 'Consensus Ad Idem: Essays On The Law Of Contract In Honour Of Guenter Treitel. Edited By F.D. Rose. [London: Sweet Maxwell. 1996. Xl, 301, And (Index) 7Pp. Hardback. 60.00 Net. ISBN 0421577800.]' (1997) 56 The Cambridge Law Journal. [2] J. L. R Davis,Contract(Thomson Lawbook Co 2006). [3] Dickinson v Dodds(1876) LR 2 Ch D. [4] Taylor v Johnson(1983) 151 CLR. [5] Paul Richards,Law Of Contract(Pearson Longman 2007). [6] Crown v Clarke(1927) 40 CLR. [7] Clive Turner and John Trone,Australian Commercial Law(Lawbook Co 2013). [8] Broadcasting Corporation v XIVth Commonwealth Games Ltd(1988) 18 NSWLR. [9] Smith v Hughes(1871) LR 6 QB. [10] Ted Wright, M P Ellinghaus and D StL Kelly, 'A Draft Australian Law Of Contract' SSRN Journal. [11] John Carter, 'Good Faith In Contract: Why Australian Law Is Incoherent' SSRN Journal.

Amistad free essay sample

The Amistad movie is about a group of West Africans captured as slaves to America. Led by Sengbe Pieh, who was renamed as Joseph Cinque by the Spaniards who bought his later decided to revolt against his captors. The movie started at the scene where cinque was trying to free himself from his chains. Him and his fellow slaves managed to get control of the ship by killing many of the cruise men living two of then alive to guide then back to Africa. They fought hard to stay alive, but unfortunately they found themselves in the strange waters of in America and charged with murder. Their fate lied in the hands of a real estate and property lawyer Roger Baldwin, who had to prove that these men are from Africa and were illegally stolen in to slavery. This would gain their freedom because African slavery was illegal. With the help of former president John Quincy Adams Cinque and his fellow Africans were set free. We will write a custom essay sample on Amistad or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Unfortunately these men will be going home to civil war zone. I was captured by the intense emotion from the beginning of the movie to the end of it. The movie depicts the inhumane acts of humans. The pain and suffering that these people went through is none like other. Yet they yearn for their home and they fought to get back to it. The ending of the film was discouraging. Cinque and the rest of the freed slaves were going back to a country at war. Cinque’s family was probably captured in to slavery and the hope of seeing his family will be an undisturbed reality for him. My reaction to the movie â€Å"Amistad† was of mixed emotions. Horror, anger, sadness, and a plethora of a other emotions ran through my mind as the movie went on. There were many important parts in the movie, the part where the slaves took over the ship, their capture and their torture on the ship, their trials, and the return to Africa. Each scene had a new emotion with it. The most important scene to the movie in my opinion is the scene in where the slave are kidnapped and brought over to America. As the movie started I tried to put myself in the slaves shoes as well as I possibly could. Before the slaves were capture their lives were as normal and as happy as yours or mine, but in an instant they were captured and thrown on a ship. Men, woman, and children were stripped of their clothes and thrown on a ship. Husbands had to watch their wives and children be thrown into little corridors and suffer. While they, themselves just tried to survive. Villages that were once united as friends were forced to turn against each other to survive. In order to get their freedom they must

THE JURASSIC PERIOD essays

THE JURASSIC PERIOD essays The Jurassic Period took place about 210 million years ago. It went on for about 70 million years. The Jurassic Period was one of periods in the Mesozoic The life forms that were present during the Jurassic Period were not all of the life forms in Jurassic Park. The Tyrannosaurus rex and Tricerastops had not evolved until after the Jurassic Period. During the Jurassic Period the largest land animals of all were around. These giant animals were known as sauropods. The Diplodocus, the Brachiosaurus, and the Apatosaurus were all saouropods that were around during the Jurassic Period. There were also some rodents, no larger than rats, that roamed in the foliage, and were a number of the early mammals. They all were herbivorous and ate the lush vegetation that grew in their surroundings. Other herbivorous were the stegosaurus that had plates on its back that were used as protection from carnivores. The predators during the Jurassic Period were small but horrifying carnosaurs, like Allosaurus, and Dilophosaurus. The fast coelurosaurs were deadly but tiny. They traveled in packs and scavenged. The Jurassic also had some of the first birds. The Archaeopteryx was supposedly a The sea was also full of life. Some of the ocean life consisted of the ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, and crocodiles that were much larger than they are today. There were also were modern looking sharks and Rays that were the same size and had similar characteristics. Also there were larger squids, octopus, and nautilus of the present. Ammonites with their coiled external shells were also some of the life in the sea during the Jurassic Period. dinoflagellates and coccolithophorids were microscopic single celled organisms that lived in the The Jurassic Period also had an abundant source of vegetation. The floras ...

Pitfalls and Prospects in Partnership Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Pitfalls and Prospects in Partnership - Article Example This essay will explain and analyze the pitfalls and prospects in Partnership in Probation Programmes for substance misusing offenders. Based on researches crimes are usually committed by those who are under the influence of drugs. The article of Judith Rumgay and Sharon Cowan has presented the effectivity of partnership in the probation programmes. If the probation service is to play significant roles in working with problem drug users, this will inevitably involve more partnership work with drug services. The aim of the article is to present the Pitfalls and prospects in partnership in probation programme for substance misusing offenders. Impact on inter-agency relationships is beginning. Home office directions to probation services are forging financial partnerships with voluntary sector organisations. For the past ten years the probation services has been increasingly working in conjunction with other agencies. The probation services are being pressured to work with criminally involved problem drug users. The Advisory Council for the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD, 1991) made specific recommendations about probation service delivery. In addition, the 1991 Criminal Justice Act revised the statutory provision for the treatment of drug- (and alcohol-) misusing offenders within a probation order. The authors report on an ongoing study of partnerships between probation services and substance misuse agencies in England and Wales. Rumgay and Cowan compare the expectations of partnership as revealed in policy and management perspectives with the experience of probation officers and drug/alcohol workers involved in projects at pract ice level. The authors compare the expectations of partnership as revealed in policy and management perspective with the experience of probation officers and drug/alcohol workers involved in projects at practice level. The following differences between successful and problematic partnerships are explored and the question is asked as to how far inter-agency relationships are influenced by the additional factor of financial contracts for the services of voluntary agencies. Statutory and Voluntary agency partnerships in community supervision of offenders are considered with particular reference to issues in compulsion and enforcement. Discussion The involvement of private and public sector in the development of a new probation services is important. The probation service supports and monitors offenders in the community, oversees the implementation of Community Sentences, administers a range of Offender Behaviour Programmes and provides a service to the courts where pre sentence reports are required. It works in partnership with Prison Service, the Police, the Drugs Intervention Programme and the Youth Offending Team and at a strategic level with the local authority and other NGO's. The article provides information on how the service is being rendered to the offender. NGO group such as the staff of voluntary sector housing providers and employment and training agencies are embedded at a local level and there are established links with services specialising in mental health and alcohol. The aim to reduce

The changing of a product among the years Assignment

The changing of a product among the years - Assignment Example However, after that point when the war ended, and America became more prosperous again, car production increased even faster than it had in the past due to all the demand that had built up during the war years and the fact that people had "several years worth of savings to spend" ("The History of 1940s Cars"). A few of the important changes that had happened after the wars end included the following. The efficiency of cars increased in terms of new technology like tires, better gas filters, and other newer developments that had been researched at war time ("The History of 1940s Cars"). In the 1950s, there was a big focus on modern designs and an increase in the speed of cars, and cars became sleeker looking and a lot of things we consider essential today like air conditioning were introduced for the first time ("Cars in the 1950s"). Cars are particularly interesting because of the rapid increases that have happened even in the past three or four years. Unlike some other products, cars are always being improved upon. For example, there is a company today called Tesla which builds completely electric cars, and their car the Tesla S could be "set to herald a sea change" in the design of cars completely

Japanese Death Rituals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Japanese Death Rituals - Essay Example This peculiar aspect of the Japanese death rituals is quiet confusing. While on the one side, the Japanese exhibit a ceremoniously discernable respect for a deceased individual; on the other side they consider the death to be some sort of an infectious occurrence that has the potential to pollute the family members and close ones of a dead person. Japanese abhorrence for cats in their death rituals and their fascination with directions is really typical. The practice of digging a woman's grave deeper then that of a man's though unusual is perhaps indicative of the subaltern status of the women in the Japanese society. One universal aspect of the Japanese beliefs about death is that a funeral in Japan is considered to be a predominantly community event where the members of a community or a neighborhood do everything possible to help a bereaved family perform the necessary funeral rituals and extend the possible material and emotional support to the family members of a deceased person, so as to help them come to terms with their grief. Also, the close affiliation of death and funerals in Japan with religious beliefs, ceremonies and rituals is something that is common to a majority of the world cultures and societies. The special reverence shown by the Japanese for a dead person by lighting incense and candles and such other rituals are also universal in their approach.

Interprofessional Working As Central To Healthcare Management Nursing Essay

Interprofessional Working As Central To Healthcare Management Nursing Essay Fast-Track Discharge is a service available to in-patients who wish to leave hospital at the end of their lives and to die in a place of their choosing (REF). In practice, this requires the use of Fast-Track Pathway Tool for NHS Continuing Healthcare (July 2009) which aids healthcare practioners in ensuring support for individuals with a rapidly deteriorating condition entering the terminal phase in their preferred place of care (REF). This process is designed to bypass potential delays associated with the completion of the full NHS continuing healthcare eligibility process; meaning responsibility for care packages lies with the PCT in order to move the individual to their preferred place in a timely fashion (REF). This innovation has been introduced to combat the issue that the majority of people who would choose to die at home ultimately end their lives in hospital (Gomes Higginson, 2006) despite the UK having one of the worlds most developed palliative care systems (Economist Intelligence Unit, 2010). The Fast-Track Discharge aims to reduce the incidence of hospital deaths by speeding up the discharge process, facilitated by the Department of Health (DoH) End-of-Life strategy that includes ten markers to measure implementation and effectiveness (REF); for example, ensuring that individuals end-of-life care preferences and choices are well documented, communicated and where possible, achieved (DoH 2010). Furthermore, the strategy makes recommendations to better meet patient needs by improving community services, improved cross-agency communication, and improved communication skills of the healthcare worker to better enable delivery of end-of-life through collaborative efforts by PCTs and spe cialist NHS providers (RCN/Royal College of General Practitioners 2011). Partnership working and quality of care has become a central focus for the NHS following the NHS Next Stage Review High Quality Care for All (Darzi, Date?), that has identified the need to personalise services for individuals through the provisions of information and choice. However, the current economic climate of austerity has seen the NHS identify  £15-20bn of efficiency savings that must be achieved by year end 2013/2014 as a result of increased pressure on the NHS budget from the growing healthcare demands of an ageing population with higher patient expectations (DoH, 2010). This is being achieved through four themes shaping healthcare policy in an environment of austerity; quality, innovation, productivity, and prevention QIPP; a regional and national programme supporting clinical teams and NHS organisations to improve quality care whilst making efficiency savings that can be reinvested into NHS services (REF). QIPP is engaging large numbers of NHS staff to help address qua lity and productivity challenges at local and regional levels through tools and programmes developed by national QIPP workstreams, to ensure success implementation (REF). The dynamic nature of the healthcare environment and the need to successfully deliver efficiency savings whilst enhancing patient care, particularly in relation to the Fast-Track Discharge, has highlighted the importance of effective communication and successful motivation by those in management and leadership roles to achieving this (REF). Leadership and management are by no means two distinct and separate roles, and in fact the level of overlap between the two means they often form part of the same role, with many leadership or management roles involving a combination of both i.e. there is continual adjustment of the direction (leadership) and controlling resources that pursue that direction (management) (REF). Essentially, leadership articulates a new vision or direction for a group whilst management facilitates the realisation of this vision through effective control of people/resources according to established values or principles (REF). Scouller (2011) quantifies this by suggesting that management involves the effective utilisation of resources to achieve goals that have been formulated by the change, inspiration and enthusiasm necessary for leadership. However Marquis and Huston (2012) warn against viewing these as two separate functions performed in two distinct roles, asserting instead that leadership is a function of management. Nonetheless Finkleman (2006) contends in healthcare settings it is possible to observe many nurses who fill roles of leadership without being in formal management positions, and arguably there exists managers who are not effective leaders; suggesting then that the harmonisation of management and leadership falls to individuals to be able to successfully integrate the need for change and inspiration with the ability to control and utilise. The qualities and abilities required for managers/leaders to effectively implement the necessary vision and drive with organisations have been the focus of models and styles of leadership that have their foundation in theoretical approaches to leadership and have impacted the management and delivery of healthcare (Finkleman, 2006). Perhaps the most prescriptive of theories pertaining to management/leadership is the trait-based leadership model that emerged from Carlyles (DATE) Great Man Theory; it is based on the integrated patterns of personal characteristics, following the assumption that individuals possessing certain qualities and traits are better disposed to leadership roles (Zaccaro, Kemp Bader, 2004). There is a strong emphasis on values and beliefs, personality, confidence, the need for acceptance or achievement and emotional, mental and physical attributes and the theory contends that people are born with specific traits, some of which are strongly aligned with good leader ship (Eysenck, 1992). However Tulsian Pandey (2006) have reiterated the argument raised by Spencer (1680) regarding this assumption; that the belief that people demonstrate successful leadership abilities independently of their environmental situations and influences is flawed. However this approach to identifying what makes a good leader is inherently appealing in so much as it fits with the notion that leaders are gifted individuals that can do extraordinary things; which individuals can use as a measure of their own personal leadership attributes (Jung Sosik, 2006). That notwithstanding critiques of the theory express concern about the over-simplified approach to leadership (Conger Kanugo, 1998), contending that traits are a poor predictor of behaviour, primarily because a high score on an assessment of a particular trait does not necessarily equate to consistent displays of that trait in varying situations (Boeree, 2006). This contention is particularly applicable when considering leadership in nursing environments; the dynamic nature of said environment is largely unpredictable, potentially leading to individuals integral to these environments to react to this capriciousness and behave in ways that are strongly indicative of consistent traits (REF). However from these traits, it may be possible to patterns of behaviour in individual leaders. The behavioural view of leadership, whilst acknowledging the traits of leaders, places emphasis on the learned patterns behaviour that leaders acquire (REF); Weber (1905) identified two types of leaders bureaucratic and charismatic. The highly structured and procedural approach of the bureaucratic leader contrasts with the energy-enthusing enthusiasm of the charismatic leader approach. From this developed the democratic leadership style, which assumes that individuals are motivated by internal drives and impulses with a proactive desire to undertake and complete tasks (Sullivan Garland, 2010). Arguably, such an approach to leadership is suited to the automony and individual management required for extended periods of group working (Marquis Huston, 2009). However, critiques of theory propound that without clearly defined roles or in a time-constrained environment this approach to leadership has the potential to lead to communication failures and incompletion of projects (REF), high lighting the integral role that communication and motivation play in the context of the effectively delivery of the Fast-Track Discharge innovation. Communication, defined by Boddy (2008) as the reaching of a common understanding through the exchange of information in the form of written or spoken words, symbols or actions, impacts all levels of management activities and incorporates all key stakeholders including; clients, colleagues, superiors and subordinates (Marquis and Huston, 2012). The process of communication is a complex two-way complementary process used to convey a message between two or more individuals, with sender and receiver roles that should be used in such a way that benefits patient care and reaches identified outcomes (Finkleman, 2006). Considering the potential implications of ineffective or inadequate communication on patient care and the implementation of initiatives, an understanding of the communication process for healthcare providers is of paramount importance (Marquis and Huston, 2012). This process, at its most basic level, involves the initiation of communication from the sender by trying to transfer ideas, facts or information to the party who receives the message, the receiver; the message is coded by the sender using words, actions or expressions which represent a tangible expression of the senders ideas through a chosen communication channel (face-to-face, electronic communication, written words). This message is then decoded by the receiver and reconstructed to resemble the original message (Boddy, 2008). However, Finkleman (2006) asserts that perception of a message is fundamental to the communication process and effective communication dictates that the receiver must be capable of perceiving the senders message correctly; failure to do so will result in ineffectual communication or messages being misconstrued (University of Rhode Island, 2010). Furthermore, Marquis Huston (2012) have suggested that directions of communication (upwards, downwards, diagonal, lateral) also impacts of the way the message is decoded by the receiver; contributing to directives, facilitation of tasks, negotiation, problem-solving and discussion according to which direction of communication is used (Sullivan Garland, 2010). In the context of the Fast-Track Discharge initiative, downward and diagonal communication are likely to be most salient, owing to the need for senior management to effectively impart the initiative throughout the organisation and the requirement for nursing practictioners to communicate with external agencies in order to effectively deliver said policy (Nursing Midwifery Council, 2010). However, these are not the only consideration for the effective implementation of the Fast-Track Discharge initiative; the choice of communication model has the potential to impact on the sending and receiving, and integrity of information. Models of communication are visual, simplified representations of complex relationships in the communication process (West Turner, 2010). The earliest of these models, the linear model developed by Shannon and Weaver (1949), frames communication as a one-way process of transmitting a message to a destination, from the sender to the receiver through a channel (see appendix 1) and gives consideration to the potential for message distortion in the process communication noise (University of Rhode Island, 2010). Critics of this model suggest that the definable beginning and end of communication presumed by the theory is incorrect and does not take account of interuptions (Anderson Ross, 2002). Furthermore, there is an assumption of the passivity of listeners and that communication can only occur when speaking that has not been borne out in reality (West Turner, 2010). These issues are addressed in the interactional model (Schramm, 1954), that highlights the bi-directional nature of communication; from sender to receiver and receiver to sender; suggesting an ongoing rather than linear process that is characterised primarily by feedback or response to the message in the form of assessment of the communication. However although this model addresses some of the shortcoming of the linear approach, critics have suggested that the interactional model still neglects to consider the impact of non-verbal messages sent with verbal messages and maintains the one-dimensional view of senders and receivers propounded by the linear model (West Turner). Conversely, the transactional model highlights the notion that sending and receiving messages is simultaneous and mutual and both senders and receivers are responsible for the effect of and effectiveness of communication, building a shared perception of the message being communicated and acknowledging the necessity of both verbal and non-verbal behaviours as an inherent element in the communication process (West Turner, 2010) Clearly then, effective communication is of paramount importance in the conveying, delivering and receiving of messages and is therefore central to the effective implementation of the Fast-Track Discharge initiative. The most appropriate model of communication to ensure the successful delivery of the initiative is the transactional model, allowing for the building of shared perceptions regarding the initiative that have the potential to converge to form a shared vision (Torrington et al, 2005). Such a model does not fall prey to the overly-simplified approaches to communication propounded by the linear and interactional models such as neglecting to consider the symbiotic nature of human communication and the issues caused by not giving due to consideration to the influence of external distortions; whilst giving appropriate weight to the impact of non-verbal communication on sender/receiver perception of the message and how noise levels alter this message (West Turner, 2010). Semantic noise is a particularly pertinent issue; the highly technical nature of frontline healthcare, in this case delivered by nurses to terminally ill patients, invariably results in the use of jargon and technical language to communicate with colleagues (Devlin, 2009). The British Medical Association contends that the use of jargon and technical language when dealing with wider stakeholders, as is central to this initiative, has the potential to cause confusion for both staff and patients and feedback collated from patients surveys by the BMA has revealed a significant negative emotional impact on patients and their families as a result of ineffectual communication methods (Triggle, 2009). The interdependent, cross-agency relationships that are necessary for the effective delivery of the initiative means that frontline care providers have to communicate information to individuals in a diverse range of agencies that are not familiar with the use of department or speciality-specifi c language (REF). The use of unfamiliar or technical language has the potential to alter the receivers perception of the message, which may lead to mistakes or delays in the delivery of the initiative for a particular patient (Triggle, 2009) Whilst styles of leadership and the qualities and skills of leaders is of paramount importance in the effective implenatation of the fast-track discharge programme, the issue of interproffessional working and team building needs to be considered in conjunction with these skills (sounds clumsy!). It is crucial that intergrated models of health and social care are effectively implemented in a timely manner that is cost efficient, innovative whilst using resources wisely (CIPW DATE). Team working enables the professions to solve complex health problems that cannot be adequately dealt with by one profession alone. (WHO 1999: 135). A team can be described as a group of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals, and approach, for which they hold themselves mutually accountable. (Carrier Kendall 1995), implying a willingness to share ideas and knowledge for a common goal. Various models of team working exist to allow recognition of basic concepts. Identifying team roles may be useful in identify peoples strengths and weaknesses in the workplace. This information can be used to: Build productive working relationships Select and develop high-performing teams Raise self-awareness and personal effectivenessBuild mutual trust and understanding(REF). Belbin identifies 9 roles (Appendix) within a team and suggests that balance is the key to an effective team that requires at least one of each role to ensure a strong team. Allowable weaknesses of each role are also recognised allowing for management of these perceived weaknesses (Belbin 1981). However it can be argued that not all teams will be made of 9 people each carrying an identified role and that some people may have one or more strength in a preferred role (Brooks, 2009). B. Tuckman (1965) proposed an alternative view to addressing group dynamics, suggesting that groups move through 5 stages of development. Firstly, leader-led information and resource gathering (Forming). Conflicts may develop with tasks being resisted (Storming), and then conflicts settled with a developing team group cooperation with new standards set (Norming). At this point teamwork is achieved and solutions are found and implemented (Performing). On completion of task the group disperses (Adjourning) (Cole, 2004). This suggests then that effectiveness as an outcome is achieved over a period of time as the group develops an understanding of the task, what is required to complete the task and an awareness of the skills and knowledge of the individuals making up the group (REF). These models focus on the behaviour within groups, however inter-professional working requires intergroup working and collaboration between these groups is vital in the delivery of good quality healthcare. Following a three year study of multi-professional working Miller et al (2001) suggested three main types of interprofessional working; Integrated team working whereby the teams served the same population of patients leading to a joint approach to care planning and evaluation of care. However it was noted that this approach worked most well when caring for a group of patients who were medically stable (Hewison 2004). Fragmented working describes a group of professionals making decisions within their own profession groups but with sharing of information often resulting in a superficial understanding of roles and boundaries and a lack of consensus around decision making. A type of interproffessional working incorporating both of these models has been described as core and periphery w orking whereby a predominantly integrated core group works alongside a more peripheral fragmented group. Glendinning et al (2002) argue that whilst integrated style of working has benefitis for the patient the circumstances to achieve this in its purest form are not often in place and as a result this disclocation of the core group from the periphery can result in a lack of communication and a poor understanding of the role of others. These various approaches to interprofessional working can enable practitioners to plan and design the best type of care and to clarify how they are organised. The fast-track discharge programme involves health care professionals from both health and social care sectors and is supported by a Fast-track Discharge End of Life Pathway (DoH 2008). An integrated style of interprofessional working is required to co-ordinate all elements of the care pathway. With nurses being the key provider and co-ordinator for patients in hospital reaching the end of theirs the responsibility falls to them to link and communicate across the health and social care teams (RCN 2011) whilst working in partnership with and as an advocate for the patient and their family/carers. This requires the nurse to ensure that all team members contribute to the care planning process and, with consent (NMC 2008), circulate relevant information to key co-ordinators. A MDT meeting with the key nurse, consultant/Registrar, O Ts/Pts, Discharge Liaison Nurse, Palliative Care Nurse, Pharmacist, and Social Services representative is appropriate to share information, ensure that all team members are aware of the patients wishes and the plan to discharge. It may be most appropriate for the Palliative Care Nurse to liaise with the patients GP and this needs to be decided upon. All decisions need to be clearly documented and regularly updated and shared with relevant professionals. Poor communicaton and fragmented working across professions is the main barrier to this innovation being successful. Organisational cultures refers to the values and behaviours that contribute to the social and psychological environment of an organsition, including the expectations, experiences and philosphosies and is based on shared attitudes and beliefs. (Schein 210).

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Self-improvement. When I finished highscool in Ukraine, my mother taught me one very important lesson. She said: â€Å"Self-improvement is a key for your success†. In 1998 I got a bachelor degree in Child Education. I took me two years to complete a school program. During my school years I went through difficult times. There were moments when I wanted to drop out of school, but I always remembered my mother’s words about continual self-improvement. Now, after all, I am really proud of my achievements. I have accomplished my goal. But, I’ll never stop to better my education, because this is lifetime process for me. After I finished high school I had a dilemma. Whether to do ordinary, low paying work, or pick a major and further my education. One evening I had a long conversation with my mother. She explained to me that education is the only way to improve my life. Regular jobs would only allow me to survive, but if I wanted to improve my life I need to go to college. For that reason, I decided to make a plan of my further education. During my collage years, 1996 – 1998, I wanted to drop out of school many times. I had to complete a four-year program in two years. I had a very busy schedule. Monday through Friday I was in school form 8 am to 6 pm. After school I did my homework until 3 am in the morning. Even, on Saturdays and Sundays studied for 8 – 10 hours. Nevertheless, I graduated with good grades and award letter for my academic achievements Right after I had finished my studies; I felt a sense of relief and a great joy of self-achievement. . At that moment I wanted to relax for a while and then continue my education. My education didn’t stop after completion of the college program. During the summer of 1998 I went to my parent’s village for a short rest. Then I decided to continue my studies at Kyiv Pedagogic University. In fall 1998, I started an eighteen-month program. It was easy for me at this time, because I had a basic knowledge of the subject. Also I didn’t have to study until 2 – 3 in the morning. On top of that, during the weekends I was able to relax. In February 2000, I successfully graduated from Kiev Pedagogic University. I received a diploma for Child Care specialist.