Women in Ywain by Chrétien de Troyes Essay -- Papers Essays

Women in Ywain by Chrà ©tien de Troyes In Chrà ©tien de Troyes' Ywain, women represent the moral virtue and arch of all mid-evil civilization. Women of this time had to be an object of love, which meant they had to have beauty, goodness, and be truthful. They had to be a representative of all chivalrous ideals. They also act as civilizing influences throughout the story. Women are put in the story to give men a reason for acting brave and noble. Men become knights in order to demonstrate to women that they are strong and capable of defending themselves against danger. This, they hope, will win the women's heart. In medieval times, the first-born son of a landowner is entitled to his father's estate, while other sons and daughters are not given anything. Knights are usually not the first-born son, and thusly do not receive any grants of land from their father. If a landowner only has a daughter, she becomes an heiress, and inherits her fathers land but has to find a husband to take over this land. A knight's dream is to marry a wealthy heiress, and become a landown...

Deviance & Control in a Feature Film `Boyz n the Hood`

Deviance is a variation from the norm. Everything from picking boogers in public to murdering somebody is considering an act of deviance. There are many theories of deviation and the film Boyz in the Hood and it provides a good base for understanding and providing real life examples concerning deviant behavior. The major issues apparent in the film are concerning the control and labeling theory which gives insight into the characters lives. Boyz N the Hood provides many examples of the deviance and control theories.Deviance in statistics is the variations in what the outcomes are supposed to be. In sociology a deviant is a person who isn’t what he should normally be. Any variation from social, cultural or religious norms can be deviation. â€Å"In a recent book about deviance, Douglas (1984) has identified rape, homosexuality and terrorism as major categories of deviance today, and his choice of these highlights a recurrent concern among sociologists to link an analysis of de viance with that of particular forms of sexual and violent behavior.Indeed, a quick glance through the contents of any book dealing with deviance is likely to reveal an interest in making sense of forms of sexual behavior as diverse as prostitution, child abuse, homosexuality, transexualism and extra-marital sexual activity. Similarly with respect to violence, interest has been shown in gang violence, rape, juvenile delinquency, football hooliganism and acts of terrorism. To this list of concerns, however, should be added studies looking at less spectacular forms of deviances such as alcohol dependence, childlessness, stuttering, and solvent use† (Aggleton 1-2)Many of these deviations are portrayed in the movie. The most significant ones relate to crime, murder, sex, and alcohol and drug abuse. A lot less spectacular forms of deviation are also apparent in the movie. One example of this is when Ricky urinates in one of the alleys right before his death. By studying this film c losely a lot of deviant behaviors can be pointed at easily. â€Å"John Singleton’s 1991 film Boyz N the Hood in the context on American sub cultural deviance theories†¦ presents aspects of many of the major theories of deviance (labeling, strain, social control, and differential association).(Leblanc, 1998, p. 64) The major characters Tre, tre’s father, Ricky and Doughboy represent different forms of deviance and control. Tre’s father is a controller because he continuously tells everyone around him to start thinking. Tre is different than the other people in the neighborhood because his father has raised him differently. The dad tries to instill good values in his son so he can succeed and not conform to the deviant norms of his surroundings. Tre’s dad is also active in social control. In one scene after the SAT exam Tre’s dad takes Tre and Ricky out to see something.He brings them to a billboard in the neighborhood and asks the two boys wha t they understand from it. While he explains to them what gentrification a small crowd starts to surround his sermon like speech. He says, â€Å"They want us to kill ourselves†¦ the best way you can destroy a people you take their ability to reproduce themselves. † This reflects the opening lines of the movie and the death toll concerning African Americans. â€Å"One of out of every twenty-one Black males will be murdered in their lifetime†¦most will die at the hands of another Black male.† The dad wants the people in the neighborhood to stop killing each other because â€Å"you’re doing exactly what they want you to do, you have to think†¦ about your future. † This reflects the control theory and how the dad manages to keep a strong relationship with his son. The control theory states that the closer people are to each other and the stronger their bonds they will be less likely to deviate. Continuously throughout the movie the dad talks to his son about everything and tries to teach him along the way. Another example in the movie is when the dad gives him advice about not having children at a young age.He says that any guy can a have a child but raising one makes him a man. Also after the SAT exam the dad tells the boys how the exam is biased and math is the only section that is universally unbiased in the exam. The father son relationship is not there when it comes to Tre’s friends. Ricky and Doughboy are half brothers and there father is never around. Doughboy is the deviant in the family whereas Ricky tries to stay away from trouble. The control theory states that people who have stronger bonds are less like to deviate compared to people who have weaker bonds.The boys’ behavior and their future can be observed and analyzed by both the control theory and the labeling theory. When their lives are analyzed according to the labeling theory it is easy to see why the two brothers act in a specific way. â⠂¬Å"The labeling theory states that of people are called something or told who they are often enough shall begin to act in that manner. † (Leblanc, 1998, p. 64) For example, if a child is labeled a bully in school even if he has done the act one and continues to be called a bully it is quite likely that he will try to or conform to the label that has been given to him.On the other hand if a person is told that they can excel over and over again they will most like live up to those expectations. In the movie this contrast is observed between Ricky and Doughboy. Their mother continuously puts Doughboy down and praises Ricky. â€Å"You ain’t shit, you don’t do shit, and you ain’t never going to amount to shit,† is one of the remarks passed by the mother to Doughboy. When we observe the first half of the movie which depicts the boys childhood it is apparent that Doughboy was not always a deviant. When the boys in the hood, pun intended, take away Rickyà ¢â‚¬â„¢s football Doughboy is appalled.The child simply wants his brother to have his ball back. He stands up for his brother and he gets beaten up. Because of his personality type he gets into trouble. Eventually his mother starts putting him down because he is continuously getting into trouble. â€Å"The labeling theory suggests that this would explain why he was in jail most of his life, deals drugs, kills people, and is eventually murdered in the end of the movie. This theory also suggests that the encouragement of his mother led Ricky to become a football star and receive a scholarship to USC. † (Leblanc, 1998, p.64)In the end of the movie, Ricky dies when other guys from the neighborhood shoot him and Doughboy dies two weeks after avenging his brother’s death. The assumption can be made that Doughboy was murdered by the people connected to his brother’s murderers. When he is young he gets into trouble and starts going down a slippery slope because he defen ds his brother and when he gets old he dies trying to avenge his brother’s death. When the lives of Ricky and Doughboy are observed according to the control theory we can have an even better understanding of why Ricky is the polar opposite of his brother.The control theory talks about the affect of strong bonds between people. Ever since Ricky is little he has had a stronger bond with the people around him. Although both the boys’ fathers’ are never present Ricky has a football that his father gave to him. When they grow up Ricky has a stronger bond with his mom and his mom favors him more. Ricky also has a girlfriend who lives in his house and a son. Ricky has reasons to not deviate. Although his premarital sexual relationship and having a child before marriage is a type of deviation he does not conform to the deviations that his brother does.At the end of the movie when Ricky is dead and Doughboy is talking to Tre he says that he has no one, no brother and no mom. He says that his mom never loved him and it was all about Tre. Doughboy and his weak bonds with the people around him led him to deviate more often. Both the labeling theory and the control theory help us understand the lives of the brothers and how they behaved. Tre’s father is one of the controllers in the movie and his portrayal of a Black man who thinks is presented respectfully. He continuously teaches his son to think and stay away from deviant behavior.After Ricky’s death he explains to Tre that he should not go out to seek revenge because that is exactly what the system is designed to do. He tells his son that if he wants to shoot a man he should shoot his dad first and that it is too stupid to loose Tre over a stupid battle. His message to Tre and everyone else has always been to stop killing each other and pursue a life that is better. With his guidance Tre is one of the characters that is alive at the end of the movie and goes to college. Although Ricky gets accepted and has a scholarship he dies before he can even embark upon the opportunity.The other controller is Tre’s mother. Ever since he was young he has taught him to stick to his word and that there would be consequences if he wouldn’t. He ends up living with is father because he has gotten into a fight at school and his acts have been a breech of contract with his mom. When we compare Tre’s and Doughboy’s childhood they were both involved in confrontations and physical fights as young children. The only thing different was that Tre had a set of parents who were controllers and instilled strong bonds with each other. The police officer is also a controller in the movie except he presented cynically.He believes that everyone in the neighborhood is a deviant and should die. When he comes to Tre’s house after a break in he tells them that the burglar should have been shot and that he shouldn’t have gotten away. He is extremely cynical and does not believe in the betterment of the people in the neighborhood. When Tre is older he is pulled over by the same police officer although he hasn’t broken the law. The officer pulls him over out of spite and just to see if he has been drinking, possesses any drugs or weapons. There are many acts of neutralization present in the movie when the deviants try to justify their behavior.At the sermon in front of the billboard that Tre’s dad gives about people killing themselves over stupid things and conforming to the system a few guys listening in try to defend their actions. They say that if someone â€Å"messes with them† or causes any trouble they are not going to tolerate anything and take action. They say that they will not tolerate any sort of misconduct or even an attitude problem and resort to killing if they need to. This is later reflected in the movie when Ricky gets murdered over an argument. At a party he gets shoved in the arm so he starts yelli ng at the other guys.Those guys are scared away initially by Doughboys gun but then they come back to kill Ricky. This shows that whatever Tre’s dad says has a lot of truth to it and that when a deviant deviates he doesn’t see it as a deviation. He sees it as an act of neutralization. He is simply standing up for himself and defending him self. He is simply justifying his cause. The quality of a deviant is that he fights back each time. Every little thing such as the role of an eye or an argument is reason enough to kill someone. Sometimes people deviate intentionally because they want to prove people wrong.Sometimes people deviate because they are living up to their labels. Sometimes people deviate because they don’t know any better. Tre’s insistence on having sec with his Catholic girlfriend can be considered deviant behavior because he is going against what his parents have told him. His girlfriend gets angry with him but he does not resort to further deviations. Doughboy gets labeled a deviant from an early age but he never fights back to clear the misconception. He continuously involves himself in activities that live upto his reputation.This film seeks to normalize society. The message at the end of the movie is to stop and to create peace. The movie shows a real life depiction of what happens in the hood and how it hurts everyone living in it. It sheds light on how their behavior is affecting them negatively. They show all aspects of particular societal trends in order to create awareness among the people. The movie asks questions about traditional ways of controlling a form of deviance when it highlights the role of the police officer and the kids who try to fight deviance.The police officer just wants to kill everybody and is an extreme cynic and Ricky believes that the only way to stop another deviant is by acting the same way with him. The police officer hopes that the guy who broke in the house should have been dead and that everyone on the street is a gangster. All throughout the movie deviant behavior can be clearly spotted. The only way to normalize deviant behavior is to understand why it happens and how it happens. Young kids like Ricky all over the world end up committing crimes because of the weak bonds they have.They end up deviating from societal norms because they have been labeled a specific way. They already have a reputation and they feel that they cannot get away from it. They accept what society has labeled them and give into the norms of deviation. Kids who have stronger bonds with family and society on the other hand can easily breakaway from any childhood delinquencies they were a part of like Tre. People should understand that the labeling theory is not always negative and that it can be used to boost people’s morale and have positive outcomes.This happened for Ricky because of the continuous support from his mom but in the end he did not live to see any of it. This is why the control theory should be implanted along with the labeling theory in a positive way. When people realize the roots of the problem only then will they be able to fix it. The movie is a message to all the people of America to realize what happens in the certain neighborhoods and how to eradicate the problem. The message is to stop killing each other and to promote peace. References Aggleton, P. (1987). Deviance. Society now. London: Tavistock. Leblanc, Lauraine (1998, January). Observing Reel Life: Using Feature Films to Teach Ethnographic Methods. Teaching Sociology, 1, Retrieved June 16, 2008, from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.lib.uh.edu/stable/1318681?seq=3 Singleton, J (1990). Boyz N the Hood. (movie)   

The Balance System Of Shakespeare - 1827 Words

The Balance System in Shakespeare A switch up in any routine can throw off the balance. Most people are used to routine and need it to get through there day. In the early English days there was an order system that consisted of the kings, the noblemen, and lastly the servants and peasants. This was in place to make sure everything was running as smoothly as possible, much like the system of checks and balances in place now within the government. If the king was killed, the natural order would be ruined and it would cause chaos because now the top of the order system is no longer in place to keep the rest in balance. Shakespeare plays are a perfect example of how order and balance play a huge role in people s lives. Carol Strongin says that Shakespeare writes dramas that purposely cause you to question the nature of mankind and moral order through his perception of good and evil Shakespeare questions how nature and moral order relate to good and evil things happening in Hamlet throughout the entire play. Strongin also says that evil, just like nature and natural order, bring harmony to the universe but could also be its downfall when it is introduced to the cycle inappropriately Most of the imbalance stems from evil things happening and starting a series of things to happening In Shakespeare s Hamlet, the role of the system of balance and order is what influences the events that take place in Hamlet. The death of Hamlet s father and the expedience to the throne by hisShow MoreRelated Thomas Hardys Tragic Stories796 Words   |  4 PagesThomas Hardys Tragic Stories For centuries, various writers have endeavored to encapsulate the constituents of tragedy, and create works of literature that adhere to their understanding of an ostensibly universal system of tragic structure, tragic plot, and tragic theme. Nevertheless, the etymology of the word, tragedy, proves to be as elusive and arcane as the tragic construct is seemingly concrete and unequivocal; indeed, the word, tragedy, can be traced to the Greek word, tragoidiaRead MoreEnglish Reflection924 Words   |  4 Pagesirresolute, consecrate, escarpment, monolithic, incandescent, and much more. Although our class spend numerous hours perfecting our essays, Mrs.Yu had us research and discover interesting facts about William Shakespeare. To begin our Shakespeare research, I wrote a biography on Shakespeare with the help of my index cards packed with useful information. Soon after learning about Shakespeare’s life, we began to read his plays, which introduced us to a new form of the englis h language. Despite allRead MoreGender Representations in Macbeth - William Shakespeare1623 Words   |  7 PagesThe play Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare, explores an abundant of encounters to the rigid gender representation demonstrated in the play. The play revolves around the questioning of femininity and masculinity, allowing us to explore how certain characters equivocate the definition of gender to please their favour and how each gender identities are created for persuasion of the natural order that corresponds to the traditional order - Lady Macbeth and Macbeth exploit and redefine gender ideologyRead MoreThe Literary Theory Of Structuralism1203 Words   |  5 Pagesthese relations and the knowledge that they afford of the system itself (190). The relation between the lovers gives the audience a better understanding of Shakespeare’s societal system in his world. The reader cannot fully appreciate the unconventional love of Beatrice and Benedict without com paring them to the traditional lovers. Jonathan Culler maintains, The cultural meaning of any particular act or object is determined by a whole system of constitutive rules (56). The societal construct ofRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1178 Words   |  5 Pagesno ordinary villain but a Machiavellian fictional character. The deviation between the two would be Iago does anything needed to accomplish his goal. He supports Machiavelli s statement that â€Å"the end justifies the means† with his actions within Shakespeare s Othello. Iago accomplished his goal through a thought out plan in which he did anything necessary; even murder. I am using his article, to claim the motive for Iago comes from the character Othello giving a job to a man named Cassio. Iago believedRead MoreEthnic Studies in Arizona: Both Sides of the Story1183 Words   |  5 Pagesgood education system is backbone of every country, and what is required by a good education system is excellent teachers, well-designed curriculum, and the key spirit to spread the knowledge. This idea should be the driving force behind the education system of the country. And it is the responsibility of the state, federal governments, and legislations to ensure this big responsibility is carried out in the best way. And that is the reason laws are made and applied to balance the system. The designedRead MoreHow Safety Is An Essential Human Need Essay1209 Words   |  5 Pagesshould pay particular attention to the soldiers who ensure its safety. It means that no other problems should detract the soldiers from their task to preserve safety. Plato understands securit y as an ‘aid,’ or a ‘salvation.’ He elaborated an integrated system of safety concept, which included its fundamental mechanisms and maintenance. The philosopher ensures that the security mechanisms include, first of all, the establishment of social institutions (Cooper, John and Hutchinson 40). Second, Plato statesRead MoreThe Tempest, By William Shakespeare1343 Words   |  6 Pages On first glance, Forbidden Planet can easily be seen to parallel many other works relating to technology, nature, or both. One of the most obvious parallels is, of course, to Shakespeare s The Tempest, the story of a man stranded on an island which he has single-handedly brought under his control through the use of magic. Indeed, the characters, plot, and lesson of Forbidden Planet mirror almost exactly those of The Tempest, with the exception that where The Tempest employs magic, ForbiddenRead MoreHidden Intellectualism : Beyond The Books1551 Words   |  7 Pagessmarts that led him to contemplate this issue and strike a fair balance between â€Å"hood† and intellectual. In finding this balance, he used the aforementioned intellectual processes schools strive to achieve in their students through academic topics. Graff then explores the reason for which schools overlook street smarts and concludes it is because the topics associated with them are viewed as being anti-intellectual. Who is to say Shakespeare is more intellectually demanding than topics such as sportsRead MoreMedicine and Herbal Remedies Throughout the Sixteenth Century1310 Words   |  6 PagesShakespeare, self proclaimed poet and renowned playwright, lived in the age of the Renaissance. More specifically, the time at which the Tudor family ruled England, during these times, there were deep-rooted religious cleansings and ongoing witch hunts, that sought out anyone and everyone that did not follow suit. Shakespeare (1564-1616A.D.) was born in, and lived through the medical renaissance, which was the point between 1400 and 1700A.D. that innovated the medicines used in Europe. These treatments

Why Did Daisy Stay With Tom - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 476 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/03/26 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: The Great Gatsby Essay Did you like this example? Theres always a reason for someone to cheat, for Tom there must have been a wonderful reason for why he cheated of Daisy with Myrtle who was younger then both Tom. Daisy Buchanan was a real beauty, many men, even the Great Gatsby wanted her. She even gave Tom a child. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Why Did Daisy Stay With Tom?" essay for you Create order Tom had it all money, power, and daisy a beautiful young woman. Tom did not love her as much as she thought he did, because he did cheat the big question is why didnt she do with Gatsby he has true love for her and she still stayed with Tom. Daisy did love the money Tom had but gatsby also had money, for Tom to cheat he must have been miserable, because at dinner he answered the call from his mistress and daisy did know about myrtle but did nothing about it. So why do nothing about it, daisy and tom had a family them and their kid. Tom for security, he was ridiculously rich and she wanted a lifestyle of comfort. Now daisy clearly loved Tom and had a lot of great memories from the beginning of their marriage- but after his affair he stopped showing up, he wasnt even there when their daughter was born he was nowhere to be found. But Tom Buchanan had everything any young man living in the roaring twenties could have ever wanted. He graduated from a Yale where he was a star of a football team. His family had always had a lot of money and by the time he moved to East Egg he was so wealthy that Nick found it hard to believe that someone so young can have this much money. For someone to stay happy during a relationship doesnt always need to involve money, daisy has been with him long enough to realize that the money he has should not be the thing keeping her happy. A part of the reason, at least, is because they share a child together. There was at this time, even in Tom and Daisys social set, a strong prejudice against divorced couples; especially couples with children. Daisy, especially, would have risked serious social scorn. Even though Tom kept a mistress, if he were discreet enough the prevailing idea among their friends would be that they should avoid divorce at all costs. Even though Gatsby had a lot of money he didnt get it the legal way cause at the time it was illegal to make or sell liquor, and thats what he did Gatsby sold it at a drugstore. He was a miserable man, he had everything he could have ever wanted the only thing he did not have was the girl that he had dreamed about he had parties upon parties and more than half of the people that had showed up he had never met.

Civil War 9 Essay - 591 Words

Many developments in social life and the constitution amounted to a revolution between 1860 and 1877. Some of the major events that took place during this time period were the secession of the southern states, Civil War, Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth amendment, and reconstruction. In 1860, South Carolina declared their causes of secession. South Carolina was the first state to secede, and their main reason was that their powers were restrained by the federal government. They felt they were not sovereign, and therefore needed to secede. In the 1860’s, the nation continued to struggle to become united. Congress introduced the new banking and currency systems. Senator John Sherman commended this because he was a strong believer in†¦show more content†¦In 1863, Abraham Lincoln finalized the Emancipation Proclamation. The Proclamation was a very important document in that it guaranteed the future freedom of all American slaves. Though the Proclomation was to have an important impact it initially failed and didn’t change the position of a single slave in the south. The south did not consider itself part of the Union and pushed them to fight even harder to protect their so-called â€Å"property†. Though Lincoln knew that this would anger the south even more, he issued it at a time when he believed that the Union was on the verge of winning and that the south would have to give in to a slave-less existance. In 1866, the Fourteenth Amendment was passed, which gave the blacks their freedom. Senator Lot Morrill addresses this amendment as a revolution, because that one amendment alone revolutionized the system based on black servitude. That form of civilization which we once knew is now quot;gone forever.quot; In 1867, Harper’s Weekly portrays a Black citizen casting his first vote. The right to vote was given to blacks in the Fifteenth Amendment. Thomas Nast depicts that the newly emancipated black people are no threat to the whites because they’ve only escaped slavery to come into poverty. In a way, Nast seemsShow MoreRelatedCivil Wars : The Most Common Form Of War1683 Words   |  7 Pages Even though it seems like war and violence are a widespread and common occurrence nowadays due to the media, in reality, we currently live in one of the most peaceful times in history. The prevalence of war is decreasing, especially between different countries. Even though the prevalence of wars is decreasing, civil wars are the most common form of war nowadays and surpasses the other types of war in the world. Over the course of time, civil wars have changed in a variety of ways. Not only has theRead MoreA comprehensive study on civil war: models and real cases1000 Words   |  4 PagesA comprehensive study on civil war: models and real cases The history of ethnic civil war consists of ethnic fragmentation appeared along the societal path to globalization. Over time, human enabled a comprehensive study of variables and motives in attempt to theorize a historical pattern of civil war. Two important models, one constructed by Paul Collier and Anke Hoeffler, and the other by James Fearon and David Laitin, provided hypothesis of the causes of civil war based on social, economic andRead MoreEssay On Nuclear Energy805 Words   |  4 PagesSyria is in war right now. Russia is thinking after the Syria’s civil war they are going to build oil refinery. Syria has a big problem with their securing fuel. The Americas are trying to fix the smoke that is keep on coming out of the building The woman with the question mark above her head at the bottom of the page with the oil machen, that represents that people in America is trying to fix the oil problem. The windmill that has the other windmill next to it that represents that use use 9 quads ofRead MoreInnovative Technologies during the Civil War1339 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout the first half of the nineteenth century, there were many new inventions, and innovative technologies that played a major role in the civil war. At the time of the Civil War, many of the newfound war weapons in the Union proved essential for its victory. The new weapons showed a great change in the technological world. During the time of the Civil war, Pistols, and other basic handheld, guns were very popular, for a soldier to have. It was known for its capability of hitting a target fromRead MoreThe Intervention And Peace Mechanisms1657 Words   |  7 Pageswitnessed such a bizarre combination of foreign thievery and foreign goodwill. Furthermore, it has seen a rather large percentage of civil (or so-called intrastate) wars during the last 50 years - from Sierra Leone to Kenya and from Zimbabwe to Angola, the continent appeared to burn (Herbst 2000: 270). While some of these conflicts have now been curtailed, civil wars in states like Nigeria remain a multi-faceted problem. Not only do they produce human tragedies on a colossal scale, but they also createRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Old Man At The Bridge812 Words   |  4 Pagesplight and what the war has done to him. The voiceless victims speak through the old man. †¢ Plot In the middle of a military action, an army scout encounters an old man at a bridge where people are crossing to escape the war zone. The scout engages the old man in conversation and by the end of it, he realizes the old man is not going to move and will probably die at the bridge. †¢ Setting The place is a war zone at a pontoon bridge across the Ebro River during the Spanish Civil War. The time is EasterRead MoreSoc 300 Midterm Exam ( 40 40 Correct Answers )8394 Words   |  34 PagesQuestion 9 Which of the following is a major obstacle facing development organizations (NGOs) in implementing projects such as building wells in rural villages? Choose the BEST answer. Question 10 What do critics of development mean by their assertion that development is an attempt to â€Å"impose a single cultural model on the whole world†? Choose the BEST answer. Question 11 What is the most likely safeguard against civil war? Question 12 Which of the following is NOT a cost of civil war? Read MoreChallenges Of International Conflict Peace Building2108 Words   |  9 PagesSudan’s recent violence conflict explosion that took place on December 15, 2013. The choice of South Sudan’s recent violence conflict explosion as a case study is to show South Sudan’s post-conflict experience after its independence from Sudan on July 9, 2011, as well as approaches taken to transition it to peace. The first part of the essay will focus on the brief historical background of South Sudan. The subsequent parts will cover the recent violence conflict explosion in South Sudan and will naturallyRead MoreImperialism, Imperial Policies and Global/ Regional Status Quo and Its Development Response After Terrorist Attacks of 9/113668 Words   |  15 Pagesmaintaining the peace treaties and settlements that stabilized the region since the last general war. Thus status quo is about keeping things the way it is, its motive is to preserve and not necessarily gain, boast or heavily influence any new positions that may break the balance. To apply it in current times and specifically to the new and less known form of war- unconventional terrorist war post 9/11, it has shifted global status quo to a certain degree and definitely shifted regional status quoRead MoreLiterature Review On Civil War And Genocide2049 Words   |  9 Pagesviolence including civil wars and genocide, and the internation al community’s response to violence, focusing both on the theory that unpins response and then more specifically on UN missions and their effectiveness. The literature on violence does not form a cohesive body, rather, for each form of violence there is a distinct literature, and often these literatures do not cross pollinate. For the interest of this literature review a brief review of the literatures available on civil war and genocide will

Anti-Communism in America Free Essays

– Analyse the impact of anti-communism in the USA from the late 1940’s to 1953 and the impact this had on tensions between the superpowers during this time. In the years between 1940 and 1953 the capitalist nations of the world such as USA became very concerned about the communist ideologies and its possible spread in the world. As a result, the ideological war period known as the â€Å"Cold War† was developed. We will write a custom essay sample on Anti-Communism in America or any similar topic only for you Order Now With the end of World War II, the USA emerged with a renewed sense of confidence as they believed that their role in the Allie alliance was a key factor when defeating their enemy powers. It was not long, however, before ironically, this alliance between USA and USSR would be the cause for rising tensions in the world. It can be suggested that the rise of Cold War tensions led to the Anti-communist policy being being developed in the USA which not only impacted its own country but also renewed Cold War tensions. This is evident when examining McCarthyism, the Witch-Hunts and Trials, and the Propaganda campaign. The US historical period known as â€Å"McCarthyism† began long before Joseph McCarthy’s own involvement. There were many factors that contributed to its beginning including; the increased membership in the â€Å"Communist Party of the United States† during the late 1930’s and early 1940’s along with Soviets establishing communist regimes across Central and Eastern Europe. Later USA was concerned with Soviet espionage inside government institutions, and at the same time politicians were slowing down social reforms or criticizing President’s arguing they had been influenced by communism. (R) This practice of making accusations of disloyalty, subversion, or treason without proper regard for evidence was later known as, McCarthyism. Joseph McCarthy’s own involvement began with a speech he made: â€Å"I have here in my hand in my hand a list of 205 – a list of names that were made known to the Secretary of State as being members of the Communist Party and who nevertheless are still working and shaping policy in the State Department. (McCarthy, ). (R) As a result of McCarthyism there were many Anti-communist committees, as well as private agencies, carrying out investigations about possible communists in the USA. Furthermore the federal government, under Harry Truman’s administration with the help of FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover initiated a program of Loyalty Review for Federal Employees, with the aim of determining if government employees were disloyal to the government. (R) Hoover’s extreme sense of communist threat and numerous illegal practices including burglaries, opening mail and illegal wiretaps, resulted in thousands of government workers losing their jobs after unfair accusations or sometimes even without having any process. R) Among these victims was, Robert Oppenheimer, scientific director of the Manhattan Project who built the first atomic bomb. Historian Ellen Schrecker has written; â€Å"in this country, McCarthyism did more damage to the constitution than the American Communist Party ever did†. (R) It was later proved that Soviet espionage did exist in the USA, but besides that fact it can be suggested that the American government could possibly had a grea ter threat of danger in order to react in such an extreme way, which created divisions still present in the USA. The House Committee on Un-American Activities(HUAC) was perhaps the most involved in Anti-communist investigations government committee. Earlier, this committee had investigated a number of activities including German-American Nazis during World War II, and later focused on communism, investigating an espionage case against Alger Hiss, American politician accused of perjury, in 1948. It was not until 1947 that HUAC achieved its greatest fame with the investigations into the Hollywood film industry. These investigations involved screenwriters, directors, and other professionals in testifying about their known, or suspected membership in the Communist Party, within its members, or support of its beliefs. The â€Å"Hollywood Ten†, as it was known, was a group of people formed by the first ten film industry witnesses that decided not to cooperate, and instead cited the First Amendment’s, which guaranteed freedom in speech and beliefs, but failed and were sentenced to prison (R). Later victims had the option of either being informants, and thus, give names of communist sympathizers or going to prison if refused to cooperate (R). On November25 of 1947, Eric Johnston, President of the Motion Picture Association of America published the â€Å"Waldorf Statement†, which announced the firing of the Hollywood Ten, and stated they would not employ any communist or member of a party which advocates to overthrow the government (R). This generated a †Hollywood Blacklist†, through which over 300 actors, authors and directors were denied to work in the film industry. Those actions taken by the government not only placed USA’s famous â€Å"freedom† in question and showed an excessive use of power until the point that citizen’s rights were constantly violated but also created an atmosphere of fear and suspicion, which sometimes resulted in hysteria. These extreme measures led to a great division in the country that is still present these days. Distribution of Anti-communism propaganda was, without a doubt, one of the most successful measures taken by the USA government during this period of time. Kbbnf3@eq. edu. au How to cite Anti-Communism in America, Essay examples

Australian Commercial Law System help sample

Question: Hamid is a refugee from Afghanistan who was recently released from the detention centre in PNG and is currently living in Adelaide. While walking in Rundle Mall one day he was approached by Kathy who was selling internet access contracts for a newly formed internet company Speed Connect Pty Ltd. Hamid speaks very little English and Kathy is aware of this. Kathy explains the terms of the contract which is essentially that Hamid would be bound to a 2 year contract and if he breaks the contract anytime before the 2 years he will incur a $1,200 penalty. The contract comes with a free Samsung tablet. Kathy uses some technical language to explain the terms to Hamid, aware that he doesnt understand the full extend of the contract terms.There is a telephone translation service available but Kathy chooses not to use this as this translation service usually takes twice as long. Kathy works on a commission basis. The more contracts she sells the more she earns. She wants to sign up this contrac t quickly as she is keen to sign up three more contracts before close of business.Hamid has been thinking of getting internet connection as he wishes to Skype his family back home in Afghanistan and also to do a free on-line English course. He is under the impression that he can terminate this contract anytime he wants without any penalty and all he has to do is give Speed Connect one months notice and return the tablet.Three months into the contract Hamid finds that he is unable to cope with the financial demands of this contract as there are many hidden costs which he was unaware. When he contacted Speed Connect to give his termination notice he was shocked to learn that there is a $1500 penalty.Advise Hamid if this contract with Speed Connect is valid? Can he get out of this contract? Answer: Contract Case: The given case is regarding a contract between a released refugee Hamid and an internet company Speed Connect Pty Ltd. The discussion in the case would be elaborated in accordance with the Issue, Rule, Application and Conclusion method. Issue: The issue in the given case is regarding the validity of the contract between Hamid and the internet company Speed Connect Pty Ltd. The case reflects the presence of ambiguity in the terms of the contract. Due to the presence of these ambiguities it is to be analyzed whether the contract is void or voidable or valid. Rule: With regard to the given case firstly the concept of consensus ad idem should be discussed.[1] This concept of consensus ad idem forms a basic foundation of any contractual agreement.[2] According to this concept, for a valid contract it is extremely essential that all parties to the contract should agree to the same thing in the same manner without any discrepancies. This is extremely essential in the point of law for making the contract Dickinson v Dodds(1876) LR 2 Ch D 463, 473.[3] The existence of this concept of consensus ad idem in the Australian commercial law is neither new nor controversial. However, there does exist some complexities in the application of this principle to the facts. It was held in the case of Taylor v Johnson (1983) 151 CLR 422, 428[4] that establish that consensus ad idem in any contract there are two tests, namely the subjective test and the objective test. The High Court also held that there is a clear distinction in the two tests. According to the subjective test the intention of the parties in the contract are to be considered from the perspective of the parties and whether they had a common intention. Unless and until there is a genuine meeting of minds as understood by all parties, no valid contract can be formed.[5]This subjective approach representing the intention of the parties who enter into a legal relation was discussed in the case of The Crown v Clarke.[6] The court had held in this case that intention of the offeree can usually be understood from the external demonstration of the intention. However, later exception was made to the general rule. This case was extremely significant as it depicted an example where the court had accepted the objective approach but made an exception depending in the facts of the case to proceed with the subjective approach.[7]The other approach is the more prevalent approach where the existence and the content of the contract is interpreted in the objective manner. Just ice Gleeson in the case of Australian Broadcasting Corporation v XIVth Commonwealth Games Ltd(1988) 18 NSWLR 540,549[8] stated that the test of objective approach has a enveloping influence in the law of contract.In the case of Equuscorp Pty Ltd v Glengallen Investments Pty Ltd. the High Court held that contractual relationship cannot be ruled by the subjective belief of the parties and what concerns is the words and conduct of the parties that would lead a reasonable man to believe in the party. Further it was stated that the legal rights would be those that are reasonably conveyed to the other party. According to the objective approach the court will recognize the existence of consensus ad idem as the same thing understood in the same manner and not the true meeting of mind. In the case of Smith v Hughes[9], this approach was applied to the facts. Another rule of contract that needs to be mentioned in accordance to the given case is the unconscionable conduct rule in Australia. These conducts include the presence of hidden costs in an agreement of contract. Such a contract is considered to be unenforceable since no reasonable or informed person would have agreed to it. Also with regard to the given case another rule may be mentioned which is given under section 18 of the Australian Consumer Law dealing with misleading or deceptive conduct.[10] Application Referring to the given case of the validity of the contract between Hamid and the internet company Speed Connect Pty Ltd. the above rules and laws of contract may be applied. Firstly, while explaining the terms of the contract Kathy the representative of the internet company knew that Hamid did not understand the terms of the contract but did not make an attempt to explain it to him. So even while signing the contract there was a lack of consensus ad idem between the parties as they did not agree to the same thing in the same manner which is essential to both the tests of the concept of consensus ad idem. Hence in this contract the fundamental part of the contract which is consensus ad idem is missing. Further even when Kathy had the opportunity to clear the ambiguity in the contract she did not do so. This led to mislead Hamid for entering into the contract. Hence section 18 of the Australian Consumer law, due to this reason the contract suffers from deceptive conduct and leads to a breach of contract.Additionally, the presence of hidden costs in the contract implies that contract also suffers from unconscionable conduct.[11] Since some of the costs were hidden the party cannot be considered to be bound by such terms and hence the enforcement of the contract would be unfair for the party that would seek to escape from the contract. Conclusion Keeping in mind all the above criteria the advice to be given to Hamid is that the contract is not valid and unenforceable under the laws. Since the contract itself is invalid the question to pay a penalty of $1500 does not arise. The contract between Hamid and the internet company Speed Connect Pty Ltd is invalid and he can escape from the contract. Bibliography Carter J, 'Good Faith In Contract: Why Australian Law Is Incoherent' SSRN Journal Davis J,Contract(Thomson Lawbook Co 2006) O'Sullivan J, 'Consensus Ad Idem: Essays On The Law Of Contract In Honour Of Guenter Treitel. Edited By F.D. Rose. [London: Sweet Maxwell. 1996. Xl, 301, And (Index) 7Pp. Hardback. 60.00 Net. ISBN 0421577800.]' (1997) 56 The Cambridge Law Journal Richards P,Law Of Contract(Pearson Longman 2007) Turner C and Trone J,Australian Commercial Law(Lawbook Co 2013) Wright T, Ellinghaus M and Kelly D, 'A Draft Australian Law Of Contract' SSRN Journal Broadcasting Corporation v XIVth Commonwealth Games Ltd(1988) 18 NSWLR Crown v Clarke(1927) 40 CLR Dickinson v Dodds(1876) LR 2 Ch D Smith v Hughes(1871) LR 6 QB Taylor v Johnson(1983) 151 CLR [1] Janet O'Sullivan, 'Consensus Ad Idem: Essays On The Law Of Contract In Honour Of Guenter Treitel. Edited By F.D. Rose. [London: Sweet Maxwell. 1996. Xl, 301, And (Index) 7Pp. Hardback. 60.00 Net. ISBN 0421577800.]' (1997) 56 The Cambridge Law Journal. [2] J. L. R Davis,Contract(Thomson Lawbook Co 2006). [3] Dickinson v Dodds(1876) LR 2 Ch D. [4] Taylor v Johnson(1983) 151 CLR. [5] Paul Richards,Law Of Contract(Pearson Longman 2007). [6] Crown v Clarke(1927) 40 CLR. [7] Clive Turner and John Trone,Australian Commercial Law(Lawbook Co 2013). [8] Broadcasting Corporation v XIVth Commonwealth Games Ltd(1988) 18 NSWLR. [9] Smith v Hughes(1871) LR 6 QB. [10] Ted Wright, M P Ellinghaus and D StL Kelly, 'A Draft Australian Law Of Contract' SSRN Journal. [11] John Carter, 'Good Faith In Contract: Why Australian Law Is Incoherent' SSRN Journal.